浅析中西方酒文化差异

Q1： 浅析中西方酒文化差异用英语怎么说

浅析中西方酒文化差异
Analysis of the difference between Chinese and Western Wine Culture
浅析中西方酒文化差异
Analysis of the difference between Chinese and Western Wine Culture

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Q2： 中西方酒文化差异

第一：
中国对于酒讲究从一而终，不要混饮，否者，按照中医所讲，易醉，伤身；
西方对酒的态度，可用“始乱终弃”来形容。一餐下来，从开胃酒，到餐后酒，会饮很多种酒。
第二：
中国人喝酒一般论瓶买；西方人喝酒一般论杯买。
第三：
中国人喝酒，想喝什么是大家在一起讨论出个意见；
西方人喝酒，就如点餐一样，喝什么，自己决定。

Q3： 中西方文化差异的论文

中西方文化差异与语言差异 在中国人的心目中，"夏日炎炎"、“火辣夏日”，夏天总与酷暑炎热联系在一起。而在莎翁的一首十四行诗中却有这样的诗句，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(我能不能拿夏天同你相比?/你啊，比夏天来得可爱和照。)
诗人把情人比作夏天，可爱而温煦。"夏天" 带给中国人和英国人的联想竟是如此的迥异。原因就在于所处的地理位置不同，中国位于亚洲大陆，属于大陆性气候，四季分明，夏天最明显的特征便是骄阳似火，炎热难熬。而英国位于北温带，属海洋性气候，夏天明媚温和，令人惬意。当然还有很多这方面的例子，例如，在汉语中的 "东风" 使人想到温暖和煦，西风则叫人有种寒风刺骨的味道。而在西方则相反。原因也是一样，两地所处地理位置不同，带来感觉就不同 。
二、 生产劳动
英语中与水产、航船有关的词语非常多，如 fish in the air (缘木求鱼 )、an odd fish(怪人)、miss the boat (错过机会) 等。汉语中这类词语就少得多。原因在于英国四周环水、水产捕捞业和航海业在其经济生活中占有重要地位，故而多此类词语。而在中国只有沿海地区才有渔民结网捕鱼,所以该类词语相对较少。
要表达“用体力负运东西" 的动词在汉语中有许多，如 "扛、 荷、挑、担、抬、背、驮、负、提、挎" 等，每个词都有一定的负运的东西与之相应(如，挑土、担水、提箱子)，真是细密之极。在英语中却只有一个 carry来泛指这个动作。汉语之所以将这个动词细加区分，大概因为中国长期处于农业社会，体力劳动特别多的缘故。
汉语中我们会遇到"像老黄牛一样干活" 、"气壮如牛 " 等词 ，英语中要表达同样的意思，会说 work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse 。为什么汉语用 "牛 " 而英语用horse 呢? 答案是中国人向来用牛来耕田种地，早期的英国人却用马来耕作。牛和马在生产过程中分别分成了两国人的好帮手，博得了人们的好感，词语中也就有了如上用法。
三、风俗习惯
1、称谓及称呼: 学习英语时，我们发现英语中的称谓名称比汉语中的要少得多。例如，英语中cousin一词，对应于汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等。我们看到，汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格，既要说出性别，又要分出大小，根本不像英语笼统一个词了事。这种语言现象的产生归因于中国二、三千年之久的封建统治。这种封建社会高度重视血缘关系，特别强调等级间的差异，提倡长幼、尊卑有序。亲属关系亲疏，长幼和性别等万面不同，权力和义务也随着出现区别， 故称谓区分得严格而细密。英语中的称谓为数不多 ， 除 dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle等几个称谓经常使用外，其它的几乎都不用。在英美国家，人们的相互称呼在中国人看来有违情理，且不礼貌，没教养。比如: 小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和grandma,而是直呼其名，这种做法却是得体，亲切、合乎常埋的，年轻人称老年人，只在其姓氏前加 Mr, Mrs 或Miss。他们这些做法体现了西方人追求人人平等的思想，在他们眼中，称谓本身就意味着不平等。
2、敬语谦词: 像称谓一样，英语中的敬语谦词也远远少于汉语。在英语中，不管对方年龄多大，地位多高，you 就是 you，I 就是 I，用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如 "您、局长、工程师 " 等敬语。汉语产生这种现象的原因之一还是中国封建社会等级森严的宗法制度。它要求人们跟长辈或上级、甚至同辈说话时，要用敬语，否则就认为用词不当而失礼，甚至显得高傲；谈及自己时则要用谦词，如不使用，也会被认为没有礼貌。另一原因，便是中国人几千年来的传统思想的影响，不愿突出自己，总认为"谦虚" 是一种美德。而在英语中这类词较少的原因有两个:
一是西方人喜爱追求平等，二是他们长期以来尊重个人价值，乐于表现自己，强调培养个人自信心。受以上观念的支配，中西方人接受赞扬、祝贺时的反应也明显有很大区别。中国人听此类话语后会说一类谦虚的话语，而西方人则会毫不犹豫地说: “ Thank you”我曾从报上看到过这样一则笑话，在一次舞会上，一位美国人赞扬一位中国女士说：“You look very beautiful today (你今天很漂亮) 。” 这位中国女士赶忙谦虚地说:Where(哪里 ), where(哪里 )." 而这位美国人感到非常奇怪，然后只好说了句: everywhere(到处)。"
根据西方人的习惯，当他们赞扬别人时，总希望别人以道谢或爽快接受的方式作答，否则他们会误解为对方对自己的判断力表示怀疑。而东方则比较谦虚、谨慎，即使心里非常高兴，也不会坦然认同或接受对方的赞扬。
又如学术刊物上发表的文献或论文的标题。汉语文章的标题除说明文章的内容外，往往有表示谦虚的字眼。如"浅谈…… " 、"试论……" 、 "、“……初探" 等，而英语文章的标题常常是直截了当，不加任何修饰，如 Science and Linguistics (《科学与语言》) 。
3、个人隐私:对大多数西方人来说，向陌生人或不大熟悉的人提出 How old are you? How much do you make? Are you married? 等谈及年龄、收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、家庭情况等问题的话题属个人隐私范畴，忌讳别人问及。西方人寒暄最频繁的话题是天气的状况或预测。如“It’s fine, isn’t it?“、 “It’s raining hard, isn’t it?”、 “Your dress is do nice!”等等。他们在初次见面或不太熟悉的人面前，从不问及有关别人隐私方面问题，以示对对方的尊敬。汉语里的寒暄有时还表示对对方的关心。
如 "你今天气色不好，生病了吗? " "好久不见，你又长胖了 。" "你又瘦了，要注意身体啊。" 如西方人听到你说:“You are fat”或 “You are so thin”等话语。即使彼此间较熟悉，也会感到尴尬，难以回答，因这是不礼貌的。而中国人见面三分熟，在半小时内，对方的家庭情况、个人状况便了解得清清楚楚。这又是双方所处的不同文化背景在起作用。西方人特别注重个人隐私。他们认为个人的事不必让别人知道，更不愿让别人干预。而中国人千百年来住在一个村庄里，离得近，接触得多，个人生活或私事很难不被人知道或干预。再加上中国人团结友爱，互相关心，相互帮助，认为个人的事即家庭乃至集体的事。故而他们很愿意了解别人的酸甜苫辣，别人也愿坦诚相告。当然，现在在一些发达或沿海城市，人们也开始接受西方人的观点，说话不随便涉及对方隐私。
四 宗教信仰
汉英语言中涉及宗教的词语数目庞大，蔚为壮观。比如，"天公" 、"阴阳 " 、"菩萨" 等。语言是思想的直接反映，两种截然不同的宗教词汇是两个民族宗教观念迥异的真实写照。隋唐之前，儒道两教在中国居统治地位，汉语中涉及宗教的词语多与此相关，如 "太极" 、"道" 等，其精神，如尊天命，行孝道、听天由命等也可见于 日常语言当中。隋唐时期，大量佛教传入，大量佛教词语随之而来，其轮回报应的思想被儒道思想所接受并被消化。这样儒、 佛、道三教在中国占有绝对主导地位。在英国，则以基督教为主要宗教。该教于597 年传入英国。在随后相当长的时间里，大量与此相关的词语陆续汇入英语行列 。这里既有古英语时期由拉丁语渗入英语的词 、如angel (天使)、monk (僧侣 ) 等，又有中古时期从法语借用的词 ，如 religion (宗教) 、dean(教长)等，还有现代英语时期从其他外来语中借来的大量的词， 结果英语中涉及宗教的词语远比其他语种来得多。
五、 历史典故
用典是每个民族日常交谈的一个重要组成部分，人们常常在不自觉间运用出于各自民族文化遗产的典故，比如中国人会说，"真是马后炮"、 "原来是个空城计啊 ! " 西方人则会讲 That all Greek to me.(我对此一窍不通。) 、He’s a Shylock (他是个守财奴)。一谈用典，对对方文化了解不多的外国人大多感到相当费解，显然这是因为各民族以化遗产不同的缘故。中国人的典故多源于《红楼梦》等古代四大名著、民间传说神话以及中国传统的体育娱乐项目，如象棋、戏剧等。前两个例子一个来自中国象棋，一个来自《三国演义》。而西方人的典故则多出于莎士比亚戏剧和以后英美文学中的许多其他人物或名称、希腊、罗马神话、《圣经》中的人物和事件以及传统的体育项目，如美国的棒球、橄揽球等。后两个英文例子便来自莎士比亚戏剧。
六、思维方式
英语注重运用各种具体的连接手段以达到语法形式的完整。这些句子组织严密，层次井然有序，其句法功能一望便知。比如 ，If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (冬天来了，春还会远吗？)一见到if,两句间的逻辑关系便一目了然。而汉语则很少使用连接手段，句子看上去松散混乱，概念、判断、推理不严密，句子间的逻辑关系从外表不易看出。比如，"打得就打，打不赢就走，还怕没办法?"几个句子间无连接成分，好像大量动词杂沓堆上，句间关系外表上根本看不出，但句子的意思却把他们联系起。这就是人们所说的英语重形合，汉语重意合，这些差异反映了英汉民族思维方式的不同。英民族重理性，重视逻辑思维。而汉民族重悟性，注重辩证思维。
七、个人主义价值观
在西方文化中，与 " 自 我" (self) 相关的观念可以说是根深蒂固、 无所不在。在英语中就有许多以自我为中心的词汇，如“self-absorption (自我专注 )、self-admiration(自我赞赏)、self-cultivation (自我修养 ) 、 self-image (自我形象 ) 等等。故此西方社会盛行的是个体主义 (individualism)”，强调个人自由、不受外来约束。而中方文化强调集体利益高于个人利益，"先国家，后集体，再个人，先利民，再利已" 的话语随处可见。通过简单的言语就可从中了解两种截然不同的文化。
通过语言对比了解中西文化的差异，人们会对双方文化有更深的理解，这反过来有助于我们掌握这两种语言。我们在学习英语时，应了解它的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯，随时将它与我们的母语进行对比，使自己自觉意识到不规范语言产生的根源和避免方法，进而增强使用规范语言的意识。希望对楼主有用望采纳、谢谢！

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Q4： 寻中西方酒文化差异相关的文献资料

China's wine culture has 5000 years of history, has a long history of wine in our wine culture, the development of long-term process, making many as the "Shen Pin" 'Qiongjiang "wine treasures. I am the principal of Liquor comparison of Chinese and Western culture, and focus on understanding the culture of wine in China history of the development.
I think in a different cultural background and different walks of life, different people, and even different frame of mind which was to understand the extent of different ways. For Chinese and Western culture, a different understanding of wine, the key is to make the best wine culture development, better for our services, which require the integration of Chinese and Western cultures of wine. Today, the West's wine culture to a large extent, the impact of China's wine culture, particularly in the tasting the mood in the West tend to be more, can hope to make more Westerners to understand China's fine tradition of wine culture.
Talking about China's fine tradition of wine culture, wine and poetry had mentioned the close relationship between the poetry of wine is given a new interpretation of the source of origin so that the culture of wine in a long, and is deeply rooted. From ancient times people do not know the number of Jie Jiu literati ink to write a good poem passed down until today, to express his or hi or bad feelings, a lot of people describe the beauty away. Such as: "grape wine Remanbar" scenery, "Doujiu 100 poems," the passion, "Jiejiuxiaochou worry even more unhappy" analogy, "When the wine song, geometry of life?" Free and easy, "Do not make Jinzun Air-to-month "spirit,"酒逢知己千杯少"the joy of" non-intoxicating liquor drunk people from "conception," ulterior motives "of the Miao Yu," live for today "no alternative , "Yao Zhi Heng Fa Chuen shepherd boy" sad, "hand-crisp red, yellow wine tie up" suffering "Yizuifangxiu" happy, as well, "Zhu Jiuge" Bold, "The Divine Comedy wine," the rough ... ...
Liquor heroes were also given to the extraordinary feat, given the strong cultural flavor of life, Cao Cao Quiz cooking wine, toast the invitation of Li Bai's moon, burning the midnight oil to see Zuili Xin Jian, Su asked the Liquor blue sky, Li Qingzhao sleep of course, very strong residual liquor, Huang Fei determined to swig (Southern Song Dynasty in the early years of anti-gold star, and Yue Fei was drinking too much at fault, Emperor Zhao Gou and his mother have let him quit drinking, he listened to the advice immediately broken wine However, he has made under the vows: "Huang Zhi Dao House (the capital of the Jin), and those who swig ears!" In which "those who swig and ears" Hero is full of pride.), In fact, no matter Beixi, those who drink In the wine in the pursuit of life is freedom, forget the life and death for whom the honor easily, in the wine itself to be a real, I think this is what most people understand the essence of the spirit of wine in it!
In Europe, especially in the wine and romance to that of France, drink what kind of wine samples with what the wine glass, is the Yidingzhigui. General with a complete set of wine should include a Jiuzun, a set of glass, a set of red wine, a set of champagne glasses, a white wine cup, a liquor glasses. In the glass on the table are also placed special attention. From left to right, the largest number in the cup on the left side, the smallest number in the right side of the cup. So far the most popular European wine is still visible pure crystal cup. Each of the different cup mouth and body shape of the Cup, Cup of different thickness and different designs and different floriation family of Crystal Cup, seemed to represent a beautiful feeling.
China in the table, we usually drink the wine of beer, such as Hapi, Qingdao beer, beer and so on snow, or white wine, such as Maotai, Wuliangye, Beijing Wotou II, and so on. In the United States, a lot of people who drink beer. However, I see very few Americans have a direct high concentrations of fine drinking wine, and this is very different from China. Also, I see very few Americans are on the table in a toast each other, we usually drink all of the. Only in certain occasions, we will toast together. This time is usually in a person after the speech, we cross a toast, a person wishing for a person something to celebrate. Think carefully, can be found: the Chinese people are drinking seriously, and look who drink to drink is the atmosphere; in the West attaches great importance to drink wine, depends on what wine to drink, it is necessary to the full enjoyment of wine The delicious.
China's ceremonial drinking of alcohol reflects the respect for human beings. Masters of the guests have a fixed seat, have a fixed order of toast. When a toast from the beginning of the master King, owner of disrespect End, is not eligible for other people's respect, if the order of the chaos to deserve to be punished. And a toast from some of the most distinguished guests began to King, a toast to wine full time, that the toast was also a respect for human beings. The younger generation of elders, the lower a toast to the higher authorities to take the initiative to propose a toast, but also pay attention to the first King to do. The Hang Jiuling, Hua Quan, such as drinking etiquette, but also to allow people to drink more alcohol and enjoy the came into being. It is clear that the Chinese wine culture by young and old hierarchy of traditional Chinese culture, ethics, in the course of drinking alcohol on the respect for human beings on the most important position. The rituals of wine drinking in the West, reflect the respect for alcohol. Kam goods to wine and watch their color, smell their fragrance, flavor of their products, to mobilize all kinds of sensory enjoyment of wine. Goods in order to drink, pay attention to drink white wine after drinking red wine, the first products of light and then liquor products of the rich wine, to drink young wine to drink in the long years of wine, in accordance with the laws of taste changes gradually and in-depth Enjoy the taste of wine. The wine's choice, but also around how to fight the full enjoyment of those who drink wine to the requirements of choice. Aroma Cup together so that the tulip-mouth goblet, so full of wine-Shu start of the wine decanter, as well as to master the temperature of wine and drink products specially designed for the thermometer, all in the West reflect on the respect for alcohol, and their Ceremonial drinking, drinking culture is better to appreciate the delicious have been made.
In China, wine is often used as a tool, the so-called ulterior motives. Qingmeizhujiu as to demonstrate who is a hero; Cup Mo Jiang Jinjiu stop in order to eliminate forever the same and Seoul worry; bamboo Poets of the Seven Sages, in order to Jiejiu asylum. Wine in the eyes of the Chinese people more as a communication tool in China's wine culture of wine for their own lack of scientific and systematic analysis and evaluation, but also about drinking after he brought a wonderful role . In the West, often drinking purpose is very simple, in order to enjoy the wine and alcohol, in order to enjoy the wine and alcohol. Of course, wine in the West also has the function of communication, but it's more pursuing is how much of the flavor of wine to enjoy.
Comparison of wine culture in the West, can be found, the difference between the culture of wine is actually a way of thinking in the West differences.
Whether China is the booze or the West tasting, wine culture can all hope that the next time a relatively more and better wine, wine culture can be developed and inheritance, so that more people understand the culture of wine, Enjoy the wine culture!
中译:
中国的酒文化有着5000多年的历史，悠久的酿酒历史使我国酒文化在长期的发展过程中，酿造出许多被誉为“神品”、‘琼浆”的酒类珍品。我这次主要对中西酒文化进行比较，并侧重理解中国酒文化的发展历史。
我觉得一种文化在不同的时代背景，不同的阶层，不同的人们，甚至不同的心情当中被理解的程度，方式也不同。对于中西酒文化的不同理解，关键在于能够使酒文化得到最充分的发展，更好的为我们服务，这就需要中西酒文化相互融合。如今，西方的酒文化很大程度上影响了中国酒文化，尤其在品酒的意境方面更趋向于西方,希望也可以使更多的西方人了解中国酒文化的优良传统。
说到中国酒文化的优良传统，就不得不提到酒与诗的密切关系，诗赋予酒的是全新的诠释，使酒文化源源流长，根深叶茂。从古至今不知多少文人墨士借酒写出流传至今的好诗篇，抒发了自己或喜或忧的感情，描绘了很多让人流连忘返的美景。如：“葡萄美酒夜光杯”的景色，“斗酒诗百篇”的激情，“借酒消愁愁更愁”的比喻，“对酒当歌，人生几何？”的洒脱，“莫使金樽空对月”的气概，“酒逢知己千杯少”的喜悦，“酒不醉人人自醉”的意境，“醉翁之意不在酒”的妙喻，“今朝有酒今朝醉”的无奈，“牧童遥指杏花村”的悲伤，“红酥手，黄?酒”的苦痛，“一醉方休”的痛快，还有《祝酒歌》的豪放，《酒神曲》的粗犷……
酒也赋予英雄豪杰们以不凡的壮举，赐予文化浓厚的生活气息，曹操煮酒论英雄，李白举杯邀明月，辛弃疾醉里挑灯看剑，苏东坡把酒问青天，李清照浓睡不消残酒，岳飞立志痛饮黄龙（南宋初年的抗金名将，岳飞曾因饮酒过多而过失，其母及高宗赵构都让他戒酒，他也听从了劝告，立即断了酒，但他却发下誓愿：“直捣黄龙府（金国的都城），与诸君痛饮耳！”其中“与诸君痛饮耳”充满英雄豪情。），其实无论悲喜，醉酒者在酒中所追求的是生活的自由、忘记生死利禄荣辱的轻松，在酒中做一个真正的自己，我想这也是大多数人对酒精神的精髓理解吧！
在欧洲，尤其是在以美酒和浪漫著称的法国，饮什么样品类的美酒，配用什么样相应的酒杯，是有一定之规的。一般一套完整的酒具应包括一只酒樽，一套水杯，一套红酒杯，一套香槟杯，一套白葡萄酒杯，一套烈性酒酒杯。酒杯在餐桌上的摆放也有特别的讲究。从左到右，最大号杯在最左边，最小号杯在最右边。至今最受欧洲人喜爱的酒杯依然是纯净剔透的水晶杯。每一只不同杯口及杯身形状，不同杯壁厚度，不同花饰及不同设计家族的水晶杯，似乎都代表一份美丽的心情。
在中国的餐桌上，大家喝的酒一般是啤酒，如哈啤，青岛啤酒，雪花啤酒等等，或是白酒，如茅台，五粮液，北京二窝头等等。在美国，喝啤酒的人很多。但是，我很少见到美国人有直接喝酒精浓度很高的白酒，这和中国很不同。还有，我极少见到美国人在餐桌上互相敬酒，大家通常都是各喝各的。只有在某些特定场合，大家才会一同举杯。这样的时刻通常是在某人致辞之后，大家交相举杯，祝福某人，为某人某事庆贺。仔细想想，可以发现：中国人饮酒重视的是人，要看和谁喝，要的是饮酒的气氛；西方人饮酒重视的酒，要看喝什么酒，要的是充分享受酒的美味。
中国的饮酒礼仪体现了对饮酒人的尊重。主人，客人都有固定的座位，都有固定的敬酒次序。敬酒时要从主人开始敬，主人不敬完，别人是没有资格敬的，如果乱了次序是要受罚的。而敬酒一定是从最尊贵的客人开始敬起，敬酒时酒杯要满，表示的也是对被敬酒人的尊重。晚辈对长辈、下级对上级敬酒要主动敬酒，而且讲究的是先干为敬。而行酒令、划拳等饮酒礼仪，也是为了让饮酒人喝的更尽兴而应运而生的。显然，中国酒文化深受中国尊卑长幼传统伦理文化的影响，在饮酒过程中把对饮酒人的尊重摆在最重要的位置上。而西方人饮用葡萄酒的礼仪，则反应出对酒的尊重。品鉴葡萄酒要观其色、闻其香、品其味，调动各种感官享受美酒。在品饮顺序上，讲究先喝白葡萄酒后喝红葡萄酒、先品较淡的酒再品浓郁的酒、先饮年轻的酒在饮较长年份的酒，按照味觉规律的变化，逐渐深入地享受酒中风味的变化。而对葡萄酒器的选择上，也是围绕着如何让拼饮者充分享受葡萄酒的要求来选择的。让香气汇聚杯口的郁金香型高脚杯、让酒体充分舒展开的滗酒器、乃至为掌握葡萄酒温度而为品饮专门设计的温度计，无不体现出西方人对酒的尊重，他们的饮酒礼仪、饮酒文化都是为更好的欣赏美味而制定的。
在中国，酒常常被当做一种工具，所谓醉翁之意不在酒。如青梅煮酒是为了论证谁是英雄；杯莫停的将进酒，为的是与尔同消万古愁；竹林里狂歌的七贤，为的是借酒避难。酒在中国人眼里更多的是当作一种交际的工具，所以在中国的酒文化中缺乏对于酒本身进行科学而系统的理论分析和品评，更在意饮用他后带来的美妙作用。在西方，饮酒的目的往往很简单，为了欣赏酒而饮酒，为了享受美酒而饮酒。当然，在西方葡萄酒也有交际的功能，但人们更多的是追求如何尽情的享受美酒的味道。
比较中西方酒文化，可以发现，酒文化之间的差异其实就是中西方思维方式的差异。
无论是中国的豪饮，还是西方的品酒，都希望酒文化能够在以后的时间里比较出更多更好的酒，也可以是酒文化得到发展和继承，让更多的人了解酒文化，欣赏酒文化！